Conversion Factors
Length in ft m 1 in
1 ft
1 m=
=
=1
12
39.370.083
1
3.280.0254
0.3048
1Area in ² ft ² m ² 1 in²
1 ft²
1 m²=
=
=1
1444
15500.0069
1
10.7640.00064516
0.0929
1Volume in ³ ft ³ UK gallon liter m ³ 1 in³
1 ft³
1 UK gallon
1 liter
1 m³=
=
=
=
=1
1728.701
277.412
61.024
61023.380.0005784
1
0.16047
0.0353
35.3150.0036
6.2317
1
0.22
219.9750.016387
28.317
4.546
1
1.0000.000016387
0.0283
0.004546
0.001
1Mass lb tonne ton kg 1 lb
1 tonne
1 ton
1 kg=
=
=
=1
2204.6
2169.776
2.20460.00045359
1
1.01605
0.0010.00046088
0.984204
1
0.00098420.45359
1000
1016.05
1Force lbf kgf N 1 lbf
1 kgf
1 N=
=
=1
2.204
0.22480.4536
1
0.1024.448
9.81
1Velocity m/s ft/s ft/min 1 m/s
1 t/s
1 ft/min
=
=
=1
0.3048
0.005083.2808
1
0.01667196.85
60
1Power BTU/h hp W 1 BTU/h
1 hp
1 W=
=
=1
2.544
3.4120.393
1
1.3410.2931
0.7457
1Pressure lbf/in ² lbf/ft ² kgf/m ² kPa=kN/m ² atm. 1 lbf/in
1 lbf/ft²
1 kgf/m²
1 kPa=kN/m²
1 atm.=
=
=
=
=1
0.00694
0.00142
0.145
14.692144
1
0.2048
20.886
2116.27703
4.883
1
102
10335.156.895
0.04788
0.00981
1
101.3250.06806
0.0004725
0.000096757
0.009869
1Density lb/ft ³ kg/m ³ 1 lb/ft³
1 kg/m³=
=1
0.0624316.0185
1Temperature ° F K ° C x F
x K
x C=
=
=x
9/5(x-273)+32
9/5x + 325/9(x-32)+273
x
x + 2735/9(x-32)
x-273
xEnergy BTU kcal kJ kWh 1 BTU
1 kcal
1 kJ
1 kWh=
=
=
=1
3.968
0.948
34140.252
1
0.239
8601.055
4.187
1
36000.00029
0.001163
0.000278
1Heat Capacity BTU/lb kcal/kg kJ/kg 1 BTU/lb
1 kcal/kg
1 kJ/kg=
=
=1
1.7998
0.430.5556
1
0.23892.3263
4.187
1Specific Heat BTU/lb°F kcal/kg°C kJ/kgK 1 BTU/lb°F
1 kcal/kg°C
1 kJ/kgK
=
=
=1
1
0.23861
1
0.23894.1912
4.187
1Thermal Conductivity BTU/fth°F BTU in/ft²h°F kcal/mh°C W/mK 1 BTU/fth°F
1 BTU in/ft²h°F
1 kcal/mh°C
1 W/mK=
=
=
=1
0.0833
0.672
0.57812
1
8.064
6.9331.488
0.124
1
0.8601.73
0.1442
1.163
1Thermal Conductance BTU/in ²h°F BTU/ft ²h°F kcal/m ²h°C W/m ²K 1 BTU/in²h°F
1 BTU/ft²h°F
1 kcal/m²h°C
1 W/m²K=
=
=
=1
0.0694
0.00142
0.00122144
1
0.2048
0.1761703
4.882
1
0.860818
5.678
1.163
1Thermal Resistivity ft ²h°F/BTU in mh°C/kcal mK/W 1 ft²h°F/BTU in
1 mh°C/kcal
1 mK/W=
=
=1
0.124
0.144238.06
1
1.1636.9334
0.86
1Heat Flow Flat Surface BTU/ft ²h kcal/m ²h W/m ² 1 BTU/ft²h
1 kcal/m²h
1 W/m²=
=
=1
0.3687
0.3172.712
1
0.863.155
1.163
1Heat Flow Pipe BTU/fth kcal/mh W/m 1 BTU/fth
1 kcal/mh
1 W/m=
=
=1
1.209
1.040.8268
1
0.860.9615
1.163
1Permeability perm g/Ns perm in g m/Ns 1 perm
1 g/Ns
1 perm in
1 g m/Ns=
=
=
=1
17.5
-
-0.05715
1
-
--
-
1
689.655-
-
0.00145
1
Steel Pipe Sizes According to ASTM Recommended Practice C.450-76
|
|
mm |
3/8 1/2 3/4 |
0.675 0.840 1.050 |
17 21 27 |
1 1 1/4 1 1/2 |
1.315 1.660 1.900 |
33 42 48 |
2 |
2.375 |
60 |
2 1/2 3 |
2.875 3.500 |
76 89 |
3 1/2 |
4.000 |
102 |
4 |
4.500 |
114 |
4 1/2 |
5.000 |
127 |
5 |
5.563 |
140 |
6 |
6.625 |
169 |
7 |
7.625 |
194 |
8 |
8.625 |
219 |
9 |
9.625 |
245 |
10 |
10.750 |
273 |
12 |
12.750 |
324 |
14 |
14.000 |
356 |
16 |
16.000 |
406 |
18 |
18.000 |
456 |
20 |
20.000 |
508 |
22 |
22.000 |
558 |
24 |
24.000 |
610 |
26 |
26.000 |
660 |
28 |
28.000 |
712 |
30 |
30.000 |
762 |
32 |
32.000 |
813 |
34 |
34.000 |
864 |
36 |
36.000 |
915 |
Radiation Coefficients
Radiation Coefficient W/m2K4 |
|
aluminum polished rough painted |
0.35 0.50 2.50 |
steel galvanized dirty galvanized bright rusted rolled |
2.50 1.50 4.00 4.50 |
copper, oxidized | 4.00 |
black body | 5.77 |
water-ice | 5.30 |
paper | 5.37 |
gypsum | 5.21 |
painted surfaces | 5.30 |
aluminum painted surfaces |
2.50 |
Specific Heat Capacities and Densities
Fluid |
Specific heat capacity (kJ/kg K) |
Density kg/m³ |
||
ammonia | 4.45 |
(-50 °C) (50 °C) |
695 561 |
(-50 °C) (50 °C) |
benzene | 1.73 1.97 |
(20 °C) (100 °C) |
879 793 |
(20 °C) (100 °C) |
bitumen | 2.09 - 2.30 | 1020 - 1060 | ||
butane | 2.28 | (0 °C) |
601 | (0 °C) |
castor oil | 1.80 | 960 | ||
chlorine | 0.89 0.93 |
(-50 °C) (0 °C) |
1598 1469 |
(-50 °C) (0 °C) |
chloroform | 0.97 1.28 |
(0 °C) (100 °C) |
1526 1433 |
(0 °C) (50 °C) |
ethane | 3.52 4.81 |
(-150 °C) (-100 °C) |
622 | (-150 °C) |
ethanol | 2.40 | (20 °C) |
789 | (20 °C) |
ethene | 2.43 2.41 |
(-150 °C) (-100 °C) |
564 | (-100 °C) |
fluel oil | 1.67 | 915 | ||
glycerol | 2.26 2.81 |
(0 °C) (100 °C) |
1273 1209 |
(0 °C) (100 °C |
methane | 3.52 | (-150 °C) | 409 | (-150 °C) |
methanol | 1.42 | (25 °C) | 790 | (20 °C) |
methyl chloride |
1.50 1.55 |
(-50 °C) (0 °C) |
1050 960 |
(-50 °C) (0 °C) |
mineral oil | 1.67 | 450 - 950 | ||
muriatil acid | 3.64 | 1639 | ||
nitric acid | 1.72 | 1502 | ||
nitro benzene | 1.47 1.51 |
(20 °C) (60 °C) |
1203 1147 |
(20 °C) (50 °C) |
oil of turpentine | 1.76 | 870 | ||
olive oil | 1.97 | 910 | ||
petrol | 2.09 | 700-740 | ||
petroleum | 2.14 | 800 | ||
phenol | 2.20 | (50 °C) | 1050 | (50 °C) |
sulfuric acid | 1.42 | 1834 | ||
tar | 2.09 | (0-100 °C) | 1200 | |
toluene | 1.61 1.97 |
(0 °C) (100 °C) |
885 793 |
(0 °C) (100 °C) |
water | 4.22 4.18 |
(0 °C) (50 °C) |
1000 988 |
(0 °C) (50 °C) |